石棉纖維的危害及替代材料

　　石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)一(yi)組具有(you)纖維狀結構，可(ke)劈裂(lie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)纖細而柔韌纖維的(de)(de)硅(gui)酸(suan)鹽礦(kuang)物的(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)稱，按(an)其(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)、礦(kuang)物結構和性(xing)質可(ke)分(fen)為兩大類(lei)(lei)：一(yi)類(lei)(lei)叫蛇紋石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，也稱纖維蛇紋石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)或溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，其(qi)(qi)突出的(de)(de)性(xing)能之一(yi)是(shi)耐堿(jian)。另一(yi)類(lei)(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)叫角閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，常(chang)見種(zhong)屬有(you)：直閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、鐵(tie)鎂(mei)閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、鐵(tie)閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、透(tou)閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、陽起石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、鎂(mei)鐵(tie)閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、高鐵(tie)鈉閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、鈉鐵(tie)閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、藍透(tou)閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。其(qi)(qi)代表品(pin)種(zhong)叫藍石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，其(qi)(qi)突出的(de)(de)性(xing)能之一(yi)是(shi)耐酸(suan)，化學成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)為硅(gui)酸(suan)鎂(mei)鐵(tie)鈣。據中國非金屬工業協會發布，我(wo)國纖維蛇紋石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)（溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)）含量(liang)豐富，約(yue)占石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)的(de)(de)90%，而閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類(lei)(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)僅占石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)的(de)(de)10%。閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類(lei)(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)確有(you)致癌作(zuo)用，國際(ji)上公認為強(qiang)制癌物質。

　　石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)用途非常(chang)廣(guang)泛，70%的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)用于建筑行業(ye)，如石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)、石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)瓦等(deng)，因此，房屋(wu)拆毀(hui)時會引起(qi)一時性的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)污染(ran)(ran)。在日常(chang)生活中也經常(chang)會用到(dao)石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)制(zhi)品，如汽車剎車、燙衣(yi)板(ban)(ban)、水管(guan)、輸氣管(guan)、地板(ban)(ban)和墻壁等(deng)。由于石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)制(zhi)品的(de)(de)廢棄、表面暴露(lu)、磨損(sun)(sun)、自然風化脫落(luo)，造成了廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)污染(ran)(ran)；同樣，在交通繁(fan)忙的(de)(de)地區，汽車制(zhi)動器的(de)(de)磨損(sun)(sun)使得大氣環境中石(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)含量逐年增加。

       石棉本身并(bing)(bing)(bing)無(wu)(wu)毒害(hai)，它的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大危害(hai)來自于它的(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)，這是一種非常細(xi)(xi)(xi)小，肉眼幾(ji)乎看(kan)不見的(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)。中(zhong)外專家通過對(dui)十幾(ji)種礦物(wu)無(wu)(wu)機(ji)(ji)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)比較實驗證明，當(dang)這些(xie)細(xi)(xi)(xi)小的(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)被(bei)吸入(ru)(ru)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)，就會(hui)附著并(bing)(bing)(bing)沉(chen)積在肺(fei)部，如果不能(neng)排出(chu)或被(bei)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)巨噬細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞所吞噬，就可能(neng)造成癌變或其他肺(fei)部疾病。2004年(nian)4月20日“石棉國際會(hui)議”上，雅克·杜尼根博士、瑞(rui)士著名的(de)(de)(de)吸入(ru)(ru)毒物(wu)學專家、多國政府毒物(wu)學顧問(wen)大衛·伯恩(en)斯坦博士等先后發表了最(zui)新研究成果，該成果顯示了蛇紋石纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)和(he)閃石類纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)天壤(rang)之別。動物(wu)實驗表明：閃石類纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)在生物(wu)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)能(neng)長(chang)久的(de)(de)(de)殘留(liu)(liu)(liu)并(bing)(bing)(bing)導(dao)致嚴重的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞損(sun)害(hai)，而蛇紋石纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)進(jin)入(ru)(ru)動物(wu)肺(fei)部后，10天左右(you)就會(hui)被(bei)巨噬細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞吞噬或自動排出(chu)體(ti)(ti)外，不會(hui)留(liu)(liu)(liu)下永久性細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞損(sun)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)跡象(xiang)。溫石棉是在動物(wu)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)滯(zhi)留(liu)(liu)(liu)時間最(zui)短的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)機(ji)(ji)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)材(cai)料。

　　石棉(mian)(mian)為國際(ji)醫(yi)學界公認(ren)的(de)有害(hai)物(wu)質，長(chang)期接觸石棉(mian)(mian)可引起肺(fei)癌、胸(xiong)膜和腹(fu)膜的(de)間(jian)皮瘤及各種(zhong)惡性腫瘤。這些肺(fei)部疾病(bing)往往會有很(hen)長(chang)的(de)潛伏期，石棉(mian)(mian)肺(fei)、肺(fei)癌的(de)潛伏期一般為15~20年(nian)，間(jian)皮瘤可能(neng)要經(jing)過20~40年(nian)后才能(neng)發現。石棉(mian)(mian)已被國際(ji)癌癥研(yan)究中心認(ren)定為一級致癌物(wu)。

　　由于(yu)石棉(mian)引(yin)(yin)發(fa)疾病(bing)的(de)(de)潛(qian)伏期較長，歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)很晚(wan)才注(zhu)意到這種(zhong)癌(ai)癥的(de)(de)危險性。歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)的(de)(de)一(yi)個機構預測，到2025年(nian)，其成(cheng)(cheng)員國中將(jiang)有近(jin)40萬(wan)人(ren)死(si)于(yu)石棉(mian)引(yin)(yin)起的(de)(de)疾病(bing)，其中25萬(wan)人(ren)死(si)于(yu)間(jian)皮瘤。西(xi)班(ban)牙在(zai)(zai)1985~1995年(nian)進口了200萬(wan)噸石棉(mian)，預計(ji)到2020年(nian)將(jiang)造成(cheng)(cheng)5萬(wan)多人(ren)死(si)亡。在(zai)(zai)歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)，據預測到2020年(nian)因(yin)石棉(mian)公害引(yin)(yin)發(fa)的(de)(de)肺癌(ai)而致死(si)的(de)(de)患者將(jiang)達到50萬(wan)人(ren)。而在(zai)(zai)日本，預測到2040年(nian)將(jiang)有10萬(wan)人(ren)因(yin)石棉(mian)引(yin)(yin)起的(de)(de)疾病(bing)而死(si)亡。

　　石(shi)棉(mian)公害問題一直引起世界各國的(de)普遍關(guan)注，工作與石(shi)棉(mian)無關(guan)的(de)人群(qun)患(huan)病的(de)危(wei)險(xian)性也在增大，危(wei)險(xian)主要來自那些含(han)有石(shi)棉(mian)纖(xian)維的(de)商品。因此(ci)，預防石(shi)棉(mian)對(dui)人體健康的(de)危(wei)害，需要采取綜合措施，遵守(shou)國家頒布的(de)一系列(lie)政策法律，注意個(ge)人防范意識(shi)，從各個(ge)方面減少石(shi)棉(mian)對(dui)人類健康的(de)危(wei)害。

       人造礦物纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)，其中(zhong)數(shu)量最(zui)大的是礦物類(lei)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)，主要用于(yu)(yu)隔(ge)熱保溫和隔(ge)音的玻璃棉和礦棉制品。尤其可溶(rong)性(xing)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)具(ju)有耐高(gao)溫、抗腐蝕、強度高(gao)、密度小(xiao)、柔軟回彈性(xing)強、保溫性(xing)能(neng)好、吸聲強、防(fang)潮性(xing)好等(deng)(deng)性(xing)能(neng)，深受市場歡迎(ying)，應用范圍逐步(bu)推廣到航空、造船(chuan)、石(shi)油化工(gong)、建筑、冶(ye)金、電氣(qi)、醫療(liao)等(deng)(deng)領域。 將(jiang)石(shi)灰石(shi)、葉蠟石(shi)、石(shi)英砂(sha)、螢石(shi)等(deng)(deng)巖石(shi)粉(fen)碎(sui)成(cheng)粉(fen)末，攪(jiao)拌均(jun)勻并配以硫酸鈉、芒硝等(deng)(deng)物質后(hou)，在高(gao)溫下熔融，通過(guo)不同技(ji)術制成(cheng)的人工(gong)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)。由于(yu)(yu)石(shi)棉替代材料生(sheng)物學作(zuo)用與石(shi)棉相(xiang)似，但(dan)其危害嚴(yan)重度遠(yuan)低于(yu)(yu)石(shi)棉。